The current risk to New Zealand from an Ebola outbreak in Africa is low, says the Ministry of Health.
The World Health Organization has declared an Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda a “public health emergency of international concern”, posing risks to neighbouring countries.
The WHO said the outbreak, caused by the Bundibugyo virus, does not meet the criteria of a pandemic emergency but that countries sharing land borders with DRC are at high risk for further spread.
The UN health agency said in a statement that 80 suspected deaths, eight laboratory-confirmed cases and 246 suspected cases had been reported as of Saturday in DRC’s Ituri province across at least three health zones, including Bunia, Rwampara and Mongbwalu
NZ public health deputy director Dr Harriette Carr said the Ministry of Health would monitor the situation, working with partner agencies.
“The Ministry of Health has received advice from the World Health Organization today that Ebola outbreak caused by Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), but does not meet the criteria of a pandemic emergency,” she said.
“The main risk is from travelling to affected countries. Although Ebola causes severe illness, it is not easily transmitted. More information can be found here.”
University of Otago professor of public health Michael Baker said since Ebola was first identified in Africa in 1976 there had been outbreaks over subsequent decades.
“More recently, we’ve had these huge epidemics in 2014 to 2016 and then 2018 to 2020. They were both declared public health emergencies of international concern. So this will be the third time that is being used,” he said.
Baker said there was not a huge reason to worry in relation to New Zealand.
“The World Health Organisation is very much focused, as they should be, on the welfare of populations in these affected countries. And so this is a way of trying to co-ordinate more effort to control this outbreak before it spreads very much further,” he said.
“The risk for this virus transmitting outside those affected countries to middle and high-income countries like New Zealand is very low. It’s basically because this is not a pandemic-spread virus.
“Ebola is transmitted primarily through body fluids, particularly blood from someone who is seriously ill, or even from an infected primate which is sometimes caught as bushmeat. That’s how the virus moves from one person to another. If someone is very ill it can also be in other fluids, faeces and urine and so on. It can eventually get into saliva so that does mean there is the potential for airborne transmission which always has to be considered but that’s still very uncommon.
“That’s the main reason why this is a very different threat from obviously Covid-19 but even the recent hantavirus outbreak which is still not resolved yet but looking like it is contained.”
But Baker warned against complacency.
“There is still the small possibility that someone gets infected and then gets on an aeroplane and travels to New Zealand or other countries outside Africa,” he said.
“I know in the past when there have been these large sustained outbreaks healthcare workers in New Zealand have raised their level of suspicion around any illness in a traveller that could be remotely like the early stages of Ebola, but I don’t think we’ve ever seen an imported case in New Zealand.”
International spread documented, WHO says
The DRC health ministry had said on Friday that 80 people had died in the new outbreak in the eastern province.
The outbreak – the 17th in the country since Ebola was first identified there in 1976 – could be much larger, given the high positivity rate of the initial samples and increasing number of suspected cases being reported, the WHO said.
The outbreak is “extraordinary” as there are no approved Bundibugyo virus-specific therapeutics or vaccines, unlike for Ebola-zaire strains, it said. All but one of the country’s previous outbreaks were caused by the Zaire strain.
The DRC-Uganda outbreak poses a public health risk to other countries, with some cases of an international spread already documented, the agency said, advising countries to activate their national disaster and emergency-management mechanisms and undertake cross-border screening and screening at main internal roads.
In Uganda’s capital, Kampala, two apparently unrelated laboratory-confirmed cases, including one death, were reported on Friday and Saturday, from people travelling from the DRC, the WHO said.
A laboratory-confirmed case was also reported in the DRC capital, Kinshasa, from a person returning from Ituri, the WHO said.
Bundibugyo virus-disease contacts or cases should not travel internationally, unless as part of a medical evacuation, the WHO said.
The agency advised immediately isolating confirmed cases and monitoring contacts daily, with restricted national travel and no international travel until 21 days after exposure.
At the same time, the WHO urged countries not to close their borders or restrict travel and trade out of fear, as this could lead to people and goods making informal border crossings that are not monitored.
The DRC’s dense tropical forests are a natural reservoir for the Ebola virus.
The often-fatal virus, which causes fever, body aches, vomiting and diarrhoea, spreads through direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected persons, contaminated materials or persons who have died from the disease, according to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.
Source: RNZ & Reuters